Starting with version 1.9.0,

supports sending event and I/O logs to a log server. The protocol used is written in Google's Protocol Buffers domain specific language. The

section includes a complete description of the protocol in Protocol Buffers format.

Because there is no way to determine message boundaries when using Protocol Buffers, the wire size of each message is sent immediately preceding the message itself as a 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order. This is referred to as

and is how Google suggests handling the lack of message delimiters.

The protocol is made up of two basic messages,

and

described below. The server must accept messages up to two megabytes in size. The server may return an error if the client tries to send a message larger than two megabytes.

A

is a container used to encapsulate all the possible message types a client may send to the server.

message ClientMessage { oneof type { AcceptMessage accept_msg = 1; RejectMessage reject_msg = 2; ExitMessage exit_msg = 3; RestartMessage restart_msg = 4; AlertMessage alert_msg = 5; IoBuffer ttyin_buf = 6; IoBuffer ttyout_buf = 7; IoBuffer stdin_buf = 8; IoBuffer stdout_buf = 9; IoBuffer stderr_buf = 10; ChangeWindowSize winsize_event = 11; CommandSuspend suspend_event = 12; ClientHello hello_msg = 13; } }

The different

sub-messages the client may sent to the server are described below.

message TimeSpec { int64 tv_sec = 1; int32 tv_nsec = 2; }

A

is the equivalent of a POSIX

containing seconds and nanoseconds members. The

member is a 64-bit integer to support dates after the year 2038.

message InfoMessage { message StringList { repeated string strings = 1; } message NumberList { repeated int64 numbers = 1; } string key = 1; oneof value { int64 numval = 2; string strval = 3; StringList strlistval = 4; NumberList numlistval = 5; } }

An

is used to represent information about the invoking user as well as the execution environment the command runs in the form of key-value pairs. The key is always a string but the value may be a 64-bit integer, a string, an array of strings, or an array of 64-bit integers. The event log data is composed of

entries. See the

section for more information.

message ClientHello { string client_id = 1; }

A

message consists of client information that may be sent to the server when the client first connects.

A free-form client description. This usually includes the name and version of the client implementation.

message AcceptMessage { TimeSpec submit_time = 1; repeated InfoMessage info_msgs = 2; bool expect_iobufs = 3; }

An

is sent by the client when a command is allowed by the security policy. It contains the following members:

The wall clock time when the command was submitted to the security policy.

An array of

describing the user who submitted the command as well as the execution environment of the command. This information is used to generate an event log entry and may also be used by server to determine where and how the I/O log is stored.

Set to true if the server should expect

messages to follow (for I/O logging) or false if the server should only store the event log.

If an

is sent, the client must not send a

or

message RejectMessage { TimeSpec submit_time = 1; string reason = 2; repeated InfoMessage info_msgs = 3; }

A

is sent by the client when a command is denied by the security policy. It contains the following members:

The wall clock time when the command was submitted to the security policy.

The reason the security policy gave for denying the command.

An array of

describing the user who submitted the command as well as the execution environment of the command. This information is used to generate an event log entry.

If a

is sent, the client must not send an

or

message ExitMessage { TimeSpec run_time = 1; int32 exit_value = 2; bool dumped_core = 3; string signal = 4; string error = 5; }

An

is sent by the client after the command has exited or has been terminated by a signal. It contains the following members:

The total amount of elapsed time since the command started, calculated using a monotonic clock where possible. This is not the wall clock time.

The command's exit value in the range 0-255.

True if the command was terminated by a signal and dumped core.

If the command was terminated by a signal, this is set to the name of the signal without the leading

For example,

A message from the client indicating that the command was terminated unexpectedly due to an error.

When performing I/O logging, the client should wait for a

corresponding to the final

before closing the connection unless the final

has already been received.

message RestartMessage { string log_id = 1; TimeSpec resume_point = 2; }

A

is sent by the client to resume sending an existing I/O log that was previously interrupted. It contains the following members:

The the server-side name for an I/O log that was previously sent to the client by the server. This may be a path name on the server or some other kind of server-side identifier.

The point in time after which to resume the I/O log. This is in the form of a

representing the amount of time since the command started, not the wall clock time. The

should correspond to a

previously sent to the client by the server. If the server receives a

containing a

it has not previously seen, an error will be returned to the client and the connection will be dropped.

If a

is sent, the client must not send an

or

message AlertMessage { TimeSpec alert_time = 1; string reason = 2; repeated InfoMessage info_msgs = 3; }

An

is sent by the client to indicate a problem detected by the security policy while the command is running that should be stored in the event log. It contains the following members:

The wall clock time when the alert occurred.

The reason for the alert.

An optional array of

describing the user who submitted the command as well as the execution environment of the command. This information is used to generate an event log entry.

message IoBuffer { TimeSpec delay = 1; bytes data = 2; }

An

is used to represent data from terminal input, terminal output, standard input, standard output, or standard error. It contains the following members:

The elapsed time since the last record in the form of a

The

should be calculated using a monotonic clock where possible.

The binary I/O log data from terminal input, terminal output, standard input, standard output, or standard error.

message ChangeWindowSize { TimeSpec delay = 1; int32 rows = 2; int32 cols = 3; }

A

message is sent by the client when the terminal running the command changes size. It contains the following members:

The elapsed time since the last record in the form of a

The

should be calculated using a monotonic clock where possible.

The new number of terminal rows.

The new number of terminal columns.

message CommandSuspend { TimeSpec delay = 1; string signal = 2; }

A

message is sent by the client when the command is either suspended or resumed. It contains the following members:

The elapsed time since the last record in the form of a

The

should be calculated using a monotonic clock where possible.

The signal name without the leading

For example,

A

is a container used to encapsulate all the possible message types the server may send to a client.

message ServerMessage { oneof type { ServerHello hello = 1; TimeSpec commit_point = 2; string log_id = 3; string error = 4; string abort = 5; } }

The different

sub-messages the server may sent to the client are described below.

message ServerHello { string server_id = 1; string redirect = 2; repeated string servers = 3; bool subcommands = 4; }

The

message consists of server information sent when the client first connects. It contains the following members:

A free-form server description. Usually this includes the name and version of the implementation running on the log server. This member is always present.

A host and port separated by a colon

that the client should connect to instead. The host may be a host name, an IPv4 address, or an IPv6 address in square brackets. This may be used for server load balancing. The server will disconnect after sending the

when it includes a

A list of other known log servers. This can be used to implement log server redundancy and allows the client to discover all other log servers simply by connecting to one known server. This member may be omitted when there is only a single log server.

If set, the server supports logging additional commands during a session. The client may send an

or

when

is running in

mode. In this mode, commands spawned from the initial command authorized by

are subject to policy restrictions and/or are logged. If

is false, the client must not attempt to log additional commands.

A periodic time stamp sent by the server to indicate when I/O log buffers have been committed to storage. This message is not sent after every

but rather at a server-configurable interval. When the server receives an

it will respond with a

corresponding to the last received

before closing the connection.

The server-side ID of the I/O log being stored, sent in response to an

where

is true.

A fatal server-side error. The server will close the connection after sending the

message.

An

message from the server indicates that the client should kill the command and terminate the session. It may be used to implement simple server-side policy. The server will close the connection after sending the

message.

The expected protocol flow is as follows:

Client connects to the first available server. If the client is configured to use TLS, a TLS handshake will be attempted.

Client sends

This is currently optional but allows the server to detect a non-TLS connection on the TLS port.

Server sends

Client responds with either

or

If client sent a

with

set, server creates a new I/O log and responds with a

Client sends zero or more

messages.

Server periodically responds to

messages with a

Client sends an

when the command exits or is killed.

Server sends the final

if one is pending.

Server closes the connection. After receiving the final

the client shuts down its side of the TLS connection if TLS is in use, and closes the connection.

Server shuts down its side of the TLS connection if TLS is in use, and closes the connection.

At any point, the server may send an

or

message to the client at which point the server will close the connection. If an

message is received, the client should terminate the running command.

and

classes contain an array of

that should contain information about the user who submitted the command as well as information about the execution environment of the command if it was accepted.

Some variables have a

or

prefix. These prefixes are used to eliminate ambiguity for variables that could apply to the client program, the user submitting the command, or the command being run. Variables with a

prefix pertain to the program performing the connection to the log server, for example

Variables with a

prefix pertain to the command that the user requested be run. Variables with a

prefix pertain to the user submitting the request

The following

entries are required:

The following

entries are recognized, but not required:

The server must accept other variables not listed above but may ignore them.

The Protocol Buffers description of the log server protocol is included in full below. Note that this uses the newer

syntax.

syntax = "proto3";

/* * Client message to the server. Messages on the wire are * prefixed with a 32-bit size in network byte order. */ message ClientMessage { oneof type { AcceptMessage accept_msg = 1; RejectMessage reject_msg = 2; ExitMessage exit_msg = 3; RestartMessage restart_msg = 4; AlertMessage alert_msg = 5; IoBuffer ttyin_buf = 6; IoBuffer ttyout_buf = 7; IoBuffer stdin_buf = 8; IoBuffer stdout_buf = 9; IoBuffer stderr_buf = 10; ChangeWindowSize winsize_event = 11; CommandSuspend suspend_event = 12; } }

/* Equivalent of POSIX struct timespec */ message TimeSpec { int64 tv_sec = 1; /* seconds */ int32 tv_nsec = 2; /* nanoseconds */ }

/* I/O buffer with keystroke data */ message IoBuffer { TimeSpec delay = 1; /* elapsed time since last record */ bytes data = 2; /* keystroke data */ }

/* * Key/value pairs, like Privilege Manager struct info. * The value may be a number, a string, or a list of strings. */ message InfoMessage { message StringList { repeated string strings = 1; } message NumberList { repeated int64 numbers = 1; } string key = 1; oneof value { int64 numval = 2; string strval = 3; StringList strlistval = 4; NumberList numlistval = 5; } }

/* * Event log data for command accepted by the policy. */ message AcceptMessage { TimeSpec submit_time = 1; /* when command was submitted */ repeated InfoMessage info_msgs = 2; /* key,value event log data */ bool expect_iobufs = 3; /* true if I/O logging enabled */ }

/* * Event log data for command rejected by the policy. */ message RejectMessage { TimeSpec submit_time = 1; /* when command was submitted */ string reason = 2; /* reason command was rejected */ repeated InfoMessage info_msgs = 3; /* key,value event log data */ }

/* Message sent by client when command exits. */ /* Might revisit runtime and use end_time instead */ message ExitMessage { TimeSpec run_time = 1; /* total elapsed run time */ int32 exit_value = 2; /* 0-255 */ bool dumped_core = 3; /* true if command dumped core */ string signal = 4; /* signal name if killed by signal */ string error = 5; /* if killed due to other error */ }

/* Alert message, policy module-specific. */ message AlertMessage { TimeSpec alert_time = 1; /* time alert message occurred */ string reason = 2; /* policy alert error string */ repeated InfoMessage info_msgs = 3; /* key,value event log data */ }

/* Used to restart an existing I/O log on the server. */ message RestartMessage { string log_id = 1; /* ID of log being restarted */ TimeSpec resume_point = 2; /* resume point (elapsed time) */ }

/* Window size change event. */ message ChangeWindowSize { TimeSpec delay = 1; /* elapsed time since last record */ int32 rows = 2; /* new number of rows */ int32 cols = 3; /* new number of columns */ }

/* Command suspend/resume event. */ message CommandSuspend { TimeSpec delay = 1; /* elapsed time since last record */ string signal = 2; /* signal that caused suspend/resume */ }

/* * Server messages to the client. Messages on the wire are * prefixed with a 32-bit size in network byte order. */ message ServerMessage { oneof type { ServerHello hello = 1; /* server hello message */ TimeSpec commit_point = 2; /* cumulative time of records stored */ string log_id = 3; /* ID of server-side I/O log */ string error = 4; /* error message from server */ string abort = 5; /* abort message, kill command */ } }

/* Hello message from server when client connects. */ message ServerHello { string server_id = 1; /* free-form server description */ string redirect = 2; /* optional redirect if busy */ repeated string servers = 3; /* optional list of known servers */ }

See the HISTORY file in the

distribution https://www.sudo.ws/history.html for a brief history of sudo.

Many people have worked on

over the years; this version consists of code written primarily by:

See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the

distribution https://www.sudo.ws/contributors.html for an exhaustive list of people who have contributed to

If you feel you have found a bug in

please submit a bug report at https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/

Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives.

is provided

and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed with

or https://www.sudo.ws/license.html for complete details.